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\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0644\u064e \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064d \u0645\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064f \u0643\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 (\u0634\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629) \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u064f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0650 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064d \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u064d \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064d \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064e \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u064f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u064d \u0645\u0636\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0651\u0644\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651.\u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/int.bou.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/5-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-32996\" srcset=\"https:\/\/int.bou.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/5-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/int.bou.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/5-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/int.bou.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/5.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" src=\"https:\/\/int.bou.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/4-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-33019\" srcset=\"https:\/\/int.bou.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/4-1.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/int.bou.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/4-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/int.bou.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/4-1-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0662. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a (\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a\u0650 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u0650 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0629):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064f \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629\u0650 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629\u0650 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u062d\u064e \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00ab\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064f \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064e \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629\u0650 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0647\u064a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u201d (\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f)\u060c \u0648\u201d\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u201d (\u0639\u0644\u0645 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\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0650 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f\u064e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0650 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u00bb \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647\u064f \u0645\u0639\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00ab\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064e \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0651\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631\u0650 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0651\u0628. \u064a\u062c\u0628\u064f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0647\u0650 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u0650 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0650\u0628\u064e \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0647\u064f 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\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u062c\u0628\u064f \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0641\u064e \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629\u064d \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064f \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0646\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u064f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629\u064f \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064e \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u201d. \u064a\u062c\u0628\u064f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064e \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u064f 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https:\/\/int.bou.ac.ir\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/1-1.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u06f2. <\/strong><strong>\u0645\u0648\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u0650 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u062d\u062c\u0651\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 (\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u0650 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 (\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0648\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0650 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\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 (Ontology). \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u064f \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064d \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0650 \u062a\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0645\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u201c\u0645\u0648\u062a\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u0627\u201d. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u0650 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064f \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u0650 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0650 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0650\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064e \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0640 Science) \u0642\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629\u0650&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":32967,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[166],"tags":[729,727,725,728,533,466,536,726,521,724],"class_list":{"0":"post-33102","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-166","8":"tag-729","9":"tag-727","10":"tag-725","11":"tag-728","12":"tag---ar","13":"tag-466","14":"tag-536","15":"tag--------a","16":"tag-521"},"menu_order":0,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/int.bou.ac.ir\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33102","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/int.bou.ac.ir\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/int.bou.ac.ir\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/int.bou.ac.ir\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/int.bou.ac.ir\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33102"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/int.bou.ac.ir\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33102\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33106,"href":"https:\/\/int.bou.ac.ir\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33102\/revisions\/33106"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/int.bou.ac.ir\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/32967"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/int.bou.ac.ir\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33102"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/int.bou.ac.ir\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33102"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/int.bou.ac.ir\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33102"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}